Watch Out For Those Tricky Dog Food Labels

When shopping for dog food, the first thing you see on the label is the name of the food. For example, the food may be called something like "Gourmet Beef Dinner" but did you know that if it is labelled as "Gourmet Beef Dinner," it can legally contain 70% fish? That's right. I'm not kidding. Dog food called "Gourmet Beef Dinner" can legally contain more fish than beef. It can also legally contain road kill, euthanized dogs and cats, zoo animals, cancerous tumors, and diseased chickens. Depending on the particular batch of food it comes from, "Gourmet Beef Dinner" could contain a healthy dose of dead giraffe from the zoo that died from died from mysterious causes, roadkill skunk (fur and all), or various types of diseased birds (feathers and all).

The way dog food labels read is actually very complicated and difficult for consumers to interpret. It is exceedingly difficult to understand what is really going on. This is absolutely intentional and pet food companies pay lobbyists a lot of money to keep it that way. Although the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does establish some federal regulations (compliance is another ball of worms), by and large the pet food industry polices itself via the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). This is like the fox guarding the hen house.

To give you a sense of how dirty they play, I'm going to describe to you the "rules" they follow for the basic name of the dog food. The name of the product is of course one of the most important factors consumers use in deciding which dog food to buy. I believe this will illustrate how tricky this business really is and how most consumers really have no idea what they are actually feeding to their pets. If they did, I don't think they'd actually feed their beloved dogs the vast majority of commercial canine food out there

95% Rule

The 95% rule applies to dog foods where the main ingredients are derived from mammals, poultry, and fish. It almost always applies to can dog food and not to dry dog food. It includes names like:

Beef For Dogs
Chicken Canine Food
Chicken & Tuna Dog Food

In these examples, at least 95% of the product must be the product(s) listed in the name, not including water. If you exclude the water, it must contain at least 70% of the product listed. So, for example, "Beef For Dogs" must include at least 95% beef, excluding the water content. "Chicken & Tuna Dog Food" must include at least 95% chicken and tuna and there must be more chicken than tuna by weight. Very few dog foods will fall into this category because it is more expensive to make so let's move on.

25% Rule (aka the "dinner rule")

If the ingredient(s) listed in the product name accounts for less than 95% of the total product, excluding water, and more than 25%, excluding water, then the listed ingredient(s) must have a "qualifying descriptive term" such as dinner, entree, or formula. If you count the water, then the listed ingredient(s) must constitute at least 10% of the total product. Here are some examples:

Beef Dinner
Beef Entree
Beef Formula
Beef Platter
Beef Nuggets
Beef Recipe
Chicken and Fish Formula
Beef and Rice Entree

The truth is that a can of dog food that contains beef can also contain dozens of other types of animals. In fact, a product for your dog that lists "beef" in the name with a qualifying descriptive term may in fact have MORE of another type of animal and/or a vegetarian source than beef. So, "beef dinner" could very well be more chicken than beef or if you get the right batch, more roadkill alligator than beef or more corn than beef. In other words, if they add the qualifying descriptive term, the primary ingredient(s) does not have to be the one listed in the name of the product. Each listed ingredient must make up at least 3% of the total product. So "Chicken and Fish Formula" must have at least 25% combined chicken and fish and at least 3% fish. Here's another trick. They can also add a cheaper ingredient of plant origin to bring their cost down. So, "Beef and Rice Entree" might contain only 13% beef and 12% rice to total 25% beef and rice combined.

3% Rule (aka the "with rule")

Now it gets really tricky. You need to be on the look out for the word "with" in the name of the product because it is usually designed to trick you into believing the majority of the product is a certain ingredient where in reality it is only a very small portion of the product, i.e. just 3% of the total product. Consider the following name:

Dog Food With Beef
Hungry Chow With Beef
Stew With Beef

Both of the examples above only have to contain 3% beef to be legal. These names can of course be easily confused with foods containing a much larger percentage of beef like:

Beef Dog Food
Beef Chow
Beef Stew

The Flavor Rule

Under the "flavor rule," a specific percentage is not required. The FDA simply states that the food must contain "an amount sufficient to be able to be detected" and "impart a distinctive characteristic"

So, a food called "Chicken Flavor Dog Food" doesn't even have to have 3% chicken as long as the word "flavor" is included in the name and the print size of it is as large as the rest of the name of the product. A dog food company could simply add some chicken "digest" to give it the taste of chicken and call it this.